Caracterización de compost de residuos sólidos orgánicos urbanos de seis distritos de la provincia Leoncio Prado, Perú

En Perú, al 2019, solo el 6,4 % de los distritos disponen sus residuos urbanos en rellenos sanitarios, los cuales, están en situación de colapso, lo que exige buscar alternativas para mejorar la gestión de estos residuos y, frente a ello, el compostaje se perfila como una tecnología simple y económica, empleada para el tratamiento del componente orgánico, para reducir daños a la salud y al ambiente, sin embargo, la falta de criterios técnicos en su aplicación está afectando la calidad del compost final. El objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar los criterios técnicos de procesamiento y la calidad del compost, a través de residuos sólidos urbanos en los distritos de la provincia Leoncio Prado. La investigación identificó los distritos que aplican el compostaje a sus residuos y evaluó la técnica de procesamiento, indicadores fisicoquímicos y determinó la calidad con base en normas técnicas internacionales. Los resultados muestran que seis de diez distritos aplican el compostaje y los indicadores fisicoquímicos contrastados con los criterios de calidad de la norma técnica chilena (NCH 2880), colombiana 5167 y de la OMS, corresponden a compost de calidad intermedia (Clase B). Los compost evaluados no representan riesgo ambiental y pueden ser utilizados como enmienda en la mejora del suelo y los cultivos con algunas restricciones, por presentar valores elevados de humedad, pH y bajos niveles de P, Ca, Mg y K.

At 2019, in Peru, only 6.4 % of the districts dispose of their urban waste in sanitary landfills, which are in a situation of collapse, therefore is needed looking for alternatives to improve the management of this waste, facing this, composting is emerging as a simple and economical technology used for the treatment of the organic component, thus, reducing damage to health and the environment, however, the lack of technical criteria in its application is affecting the quality of the final compost. The objective of this research was to evaluate the technical criteria for processing and the quality of compost based on municipal solid waste in the districts of Leoncio Prado province. The research identified the districts that apply composting to their waste and evaluated the processing technique, physicochemical indicators and determined the quality based on international technical standards. The results show that six out of ten districts apply composting, and the physicochemical indicators contrasted with the quality criteria of the Chilean technical standard (NCH 2880), Colombian 5167 and WHO, correspond to intermediate quality compost (Class B). The evaluated compost does not represent an environmental risk and can be used as an amendment in soil and crop improvement with some restrictions, since it has high moisture, pH and low levels of P, Ca, Mg and K.

Advances in biodegradation of polyolefin plastics / 生物工程学报

Polyolefin plastics are a group of polymers with C-C backbone that have been widely used in various areas of daily life. Due to their stable chemical properties and poor biodegradability, polyolefin plastic waste continues to accumulate worldwide, causing serious environmental pollution and ecological crises. In recent years, biological degradation of polyolefin plastics has attracted considerable attention. The abundant microbial resources in the nature offer the possibility of biodegradation of polyolefin plastic waste, and microorganisms capable of degrading polyolefin have been reported. This review summarizes the research progress on the biodegradation microbial resources and the biodegradation mechanisms of polyolefin plastics, presents the current challenges in the biodegradation of polyolefin plastics, and provides an outlook on future research directions.

Aislamientos de bacterias post tratamiento con gasoil - agua y centrifugación de fondo de tanques petroleros / Oil tank bottoms, bacteria isolate after diesel treatment - water and centrifugation

Resumen En la industria petrolera se almacenan grandes cantidades de hidrocarburos en tanques en las diferentes etapas de extracción y procesamiento del crudo hasta su refinamiento. Esto genera un residuo denominado fondo de tanque, es una emulsión estable de sedimentos agua e hidrocarburos. Este trabajo tuvo como objeto estudiar las bacterias que están presentes en el sedimento después de la primera etapa de tratamiento con gasoil, agua, temperatura y posterior centrifugación. El sedimento, considerado por la legislación como residuo peligroso se le realizo un estudio bacteriológico, que consistió en recuento, aislamiento e identifican de bacterias. Se obtuvieron 34 cepas de las cuales 86.1% pertenecieron al género Bacillus. Las mismas presentaron capacidad para desarrollar en alguno de los siguientes hidrocarburos o mezclas de hidrocarburos gasoil, kerosene, hexadecano y ciclohexano.

Abstract In the oil industry, large quantities of hydrocarbons are stored in tanks, in the different stages of extraction and processing of crude oil until it is refined. This generates a residue called a tank bottom, which is a stable emulsion of water and hydrocarbon sediments. The objective of this work was to study the bacteria that are present in the sediment after treating the bottom of the tank with diesel oil, water, and subsequent centrifugation. A bottom and tank were treated with diesel, water and centrifugation, the sediment was obtained, which was counted, isolated and bacteria were identified. 34 strains were obtained, of which 86.1% belonged to the genus Bacillus. The same capacity capabilities to develop diesel, kerosene, hexadecane, and cyclohexane hydrocarbons.

Análise do monitoramento ambiental da incineração de resíduos sólidos urbanos na Europa e a necessidade de alterações na legislação brasileira / Environmental monitoring analysis of municipal solid waste incineration in Europe and the needs for changes in brazilian legislation

RESUMO A incineração é uma tecnologia de tratamento térmico de resíduos sólidos cujo principal objetivo é a redução do volume e da massa dos resíduos a serem depositados em aterros. Os incineradores construídos nas últimas décadas trazem a possibilidade de recuperação energética dos resíduos, na forma de vapor e/ou energia elétrica, entretanto essa tecnologia ainda gera questionamentos sobre possíveis impactos ambientais relacionados às suas emissões. A incineração é regulada na Europa por legislação específica que, entre outras questões, obriga a divulgação de dados de monitoramento ambiental de incineradores. No presente trabalho, são analisados dados de emissões atmosféricas de incineradores associados à Confederation of European Waste-to-Energy Plants (CEWEP), por meio de buscas nos websites dos respectivos incineradores, em artigos científicos e relatórios técnicos. Foram examinados dados de monitoramento de todos os poluentes de medição contínua e periódica definidos na legislação da UE, em séries temporais de 2010 a 2017. Todos os valores médios anuais de emissões nos incineradores analisados estiveram abaixo dos limites definidos pela diretiva europeia, com pequena variação ao longo dos anos observados. A comparação dos padrões de emissão europeus com os brasileiros mostra a necessidade de mudança na legislação local referente à incineração para que, caso essa tecnologia seja implementada no Brasil, ela possa operar respeitando limites seguros, com garantia de minimização de impactos ao ambiente e às populações do entorno.

Abstract Incineration is a solid waste treatment technology whose main purpose is to reduce the volume and mass of the waste to be disposed of in landfills. The incinerators built in the last decades bring the possibility of energy recovery from waste, in the form of steam and/or electric energy. However, this technology still raises questions about possible environmental impacts related to its emissions. Incineration is regulated in Europe through specific legislation which, among other issues, requires the disclosure of environmental monitoring data for incinerators. In the present work, atmospheric emissions data from incinerators associated with the Confederation of European Waste-to-Energy Plants (CEWEP) are analyzed by searching the websites of the respective incinerators, scientific articles and technical reports. Monitoring data on all continuous and periodic measured pollutants defined in the legislation in time series from 2010 to 2017 were analyzed. All annual average emission values of the incinerators analyzed were below the limits defined by the European Union's Directive, with little variation over the observed years. The comparison of European with Brazilian emission standards shows the need for a change in local legislation on incineration so that, if this technology is implemented in Brazil, it will operate within safe limits, with a guarantee of minimizing impacts on the environment and surrounding populations.

Uma análise multicritério de alternativas para o tratamento de resíduos sólidos urbanos do município de Juazeiro do Norte no Ceará / A multi-criteria analysis of alternatives for the treatment of municipal solid waste in the municipality of Juazeiro do Norte Ceará

RESUMO Gestores públicos necessitam planejar e implementar alternativas sustentáveis de gestão de Resíduos Sólidos Urbanos (RSU) que contenham unidades de tratamento de resíduos. Entretanto, a seleção de alternativas de tratamento de resíduos é um processo complexo, sendo necessário considerar diferentes critérios. Nesse sentido, este artigo tem o objetivo de analisar diferentes alternativas de tratamento de RSU para o município de Juazeiro do Norte no Ceará, Brasil, por meio da avaliação dos critérios econômico, ambiental, social, técnico e regulatório. Para alcançar esse objetivo, aplicou-se o método multicritério de apoio à decisão Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), com o auxílio de diversas técnicas quantitativas de projeção e de dados coletados em campo e em fontes secundárias. Os resultados mostram que as alternativas 1 (centro de triagem manual e unidade de compostagem descentralizados) e 3 (centro de triagem manual e biodigestor descentralizados) são as opções de tratamento de RSU mais favoráveis para o município, com percentual de 25,11 e 24,97%, respectivamente. As alternativas descentralizadas (1 e 3) levam vantagem sobre as centralizadas 2 (centro de triagem automatizado e unidade centralizada de compostagem), 4 (centro de triagem automatizado e biodigestor centralizado) e 5 (centro de triagem automatizado e incinerador) em virtude, principalmente, da maior geração de empregos e viabilidade técnica. Entretanto, com a realização da análise de sensibilidade em uma avaliação na qual o critério econômico tinha peso superior ou igual a 70%, constatou-se que o resultado geral mudaria e as alternativas centralizadas 2 e 4, com melhores resultados econômicos, seriam apontadas como as melhores opções.

ABSTRACT Worldwide, public managers need to plan and implement sustainable alternatives for the management of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) that consider waste treatment plants. However, the selection of waste treatment alternatives is a complex process which must consider different criteria. In this sense, the present article had the objective of analyzing different MSW treatment alternatives for the municipality of Juazeiro do Norte in Ceará, Brazil, through the evaluation of economic, environmental, social, technical, and regulatory criteria. The Multicriteria Decision Making Method AHP (Analytic Hierarchy Process) was applied, supported by several quantitative techniques of projection and data collected in the field and in secondary sources. The results show that alternatives 1 (decentralized manual sorting center and composting units) and 3 (decentralized manual sorting center and anaerobic digesters) are the most favorable MSW treatment options for Juazeiro do Norte, with a percentage of 25,11 and 24,97%, respectively. The decentralized alternatives 1 and 3 have an advantage over the centralized alternatives 2 (automated sorting center and centralized composting unit), 4 (automated sorting center and centralized biodigester) and 5 (automated sorting center and incinerator) due, mainly, to the greater generation of jobs and technical feasibility. However, sensitivity analyzes enhances that, in an evaluation in which the economic criteria had a weight greater than or equal to 70%, the overall result would change significantly and the centralized alternatives 2 and 4, alternatives with better economic results, would be considered as the best MSW treatment options.

Contribuições para a evolução do gerenciamento de resíduos sólidos urbanos no Brasil com base na experiência Européia / Contribution to the development of municipal solid waste management in Brazil based on European experience

RESUMO: Esse trabalho tem como objetivo apresentar dados relevantes sobre o gerenciamento de resíduos sólidos urbanos (RSU) na Europa de forma a se estabelecer paralelos e subsidiar a discussão no Brasil. É apresentada uma contextualização da situação atual da gestão dos resíduos sólidos urbanos no Brasil, onde os efeitos da Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos já se fazem sentir, sobretudo com o aumento da disposição final de RSU em aterros sanitários, predominantemente nas regiões metropolitanas. A reciclagem no país, em grande parte, ainda baseia-se na coleta informal por catadores ou na ação de organizações privadas. Na Europa, a partir da Diretiva 1999/31/EC, que estabeleceu metas para a disposição de resíduos em aterros sanitários, e da Diretiva 94/62/EC, sobre recolhimento de embalagens, a gestão de RSU se alterou profundamente. São apresentados dados das tecnologias predominantes de tratamento e disposição final de RSU e alguns mecanismos para implementação da mudança de cenário na Europa. O exemplo suíço é detalhado, mostrando como a cobrança de tarifas impulsiona as ações da população. É preciso reconhecer que o gerenciamento de resíduos sólidos urbanos RSU tem que ser planejado da coleta até o destino final, utilizando e integrando diferentes tecnologias de tratamento, ​​de acordo com as características locais. É relevante para o Brasil a avaliação criteriosa das soluções disponíveis, do ponto de vista técnico e operacional, considerando fortemente a sua aplicabilidade local.

ABSTRACT: This paper aims to present relevant data on municipal solid waste (MSW) management in Europe in order to establish parallel and support the discussion in Brazil. The current situation of municipal solid waste management in Brazil is presented. It is possible to see some consequences of the Brazilian National Solid Waste Policy, especially concerning the increase of MSW disposal in landfills, mostly in metropolitan areas. Recycling in the country is largely based on informal collection by waste pickers or action by private organizations. In Europe the MSW management has largely changed as consequence of the Directive 1999/31/EC, which set targets for waste disposal in landfills, and the Directive 94/62/EC, about packaging collection. This paper presents data about predominant MSW treatment and disposal technologies and some mechanisms applied to implementing the scenario changes in Europe. The Swiss example is detailed showing how the charging of fees drives people's actions. It must be recognized that the MSW management has to be planned from collection to final destination, using and integrating different treatment technologies, in accordance with local characteristics. It is relevant to Brazil a carefully evaluation, both technically and operationally, of the available solutions considering their local applicability.

Atividade microbiana em solos sob doses de lodo de estação de tratamento de efluentes de um aterro industrial / Soil microbial activity under wastewater treatment plant sludge doses from an industrial landfill

RESUMO: A destinação final adequada dos resíduos sólidos industriais é um dos principais problemas ambientais. A disposição de resíduos orgânicos em solos pode ser recomendada, dado o potencial corretivo e fertilizante deste. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito em solos da adição de doses de lodo de estação de tratamento de efluentes (ETE) de um aterro industrial na atividade microbiana, avaliada pela mineralização de carbono. Foi desenvolvido experimento em frascos respirométricos, analisando a mineralização de carbono em três solos, com cinco doses de lodo durante 91 dias de incubação. A aplicação de lodo com 2Mg ha-1 causou menores impactos à microbiota do solo, não apresentando diferenças em relação ao tratamento controle. Os valores de carbono mineralizado aumentaram com o tempo de incubação em função da adição do lodo, proporcionalmente ao aumento das doses de lodo. A atividade microbiana aumentou com a aplicação de doses de lodo de ETE de aterro industrial, sendo a mineralização de carbono proporcional às doses adicionadas.

ABSTRACT: The final disposal of industrial solid waste is a major environmental problem. Disposal of organic wastes in soils can be recommended as corrective and fertilizer. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of different doses of wastewater treatment plant sludge (WWTP) from an industrial landfill on soils based in microbial activity measured by carbon mineralization. The experiment was developed in respirometric flasks, analyzing carbon mineralization in three soils with five doses of sludge during 91 days of incubation. Application of sewage sludge with 2 Mg ha-1 caused minor impacts on soil microorganisms, without statistical differences to the control treatment. Amounts of mineralized carbon increased with the time course due to the addition of sludge, proportional to the doses of sludge. Microbial activity increased with the application of WWTP sludge doses of industrial landfill, with mineralization proportional to the increase in carbon added doses.

Bioleaching of nickel from spent petroleum catalyst using Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans DSM-11478.

The present work deals with optimization of culture conditions and process parameters for bioleaching of spent petroleum catalyst collected from a petroleum refinery. The efficacy of Ni bioleaching from spent petroleum catalyst was determined using pure culture of Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans DSM-11478. The culture conditions of pH, temperature and headspace volume to media volume ratio were optimized. EDX analysis was done to confirm the presence of Ni in the spent catalyst after roasting it to decoke its surface. The optimum temperature for A. thiooxidans DSM-11478 growth was found to be 32 °C. The enhanced recovery of nickel at very low pH was attributed to the higher acidic strength of sulfuric acid produced in the culture medium by the bacterium. During the bioleaching process, 89% of the Ni present in the catalyst waste could be successfully recovered in optimized conditions. This environment friendly bioleaching process proved efficient than the chemical method. Taking leads from the lab scale results, bioleaching in larger volumes (1, 5 and 10 L) was also performed to provide guidelines for taking up this technology for in situ industrial waste management.

Tratamento de Resíduos de Serviços de Saúde pelo processo de pirólise / Health waste treatment by pyrolysis

O presente trabalho apresenta a avaliação técnica e ambiental de uma planta piloto de tratamento de Resíduos de Serviços de Saúde (RSS) por pirólise quanto à produtividade, ao consumo de combustível, ao rendimento gravimétrico do processo, às emissões atmosféricas, aos efluentes líquidos e ao produto carbonizado obtido. O processo apresentou valores para perda de massa entre 46,75 e 58,77%, para tempos de processamento variando entre 2 e 6 horas. A tecnologia empregada demonstrou maior segurança ambiental na terceira condição de operação testada, em relação às emissões de contaminantes para a atmosfera, levando-se em consideração o valor obtido na concentração de dioxinas e furanos de 0,0162 ng/Nm3. Nessa condição, a operação ocorreu com dois combustores, gás de pirólise sendo injetado no duto de alimentação de biomassa e com incremento de 15% no volume do fluxo de ar na zona de combustão dos cavacos, em mistura com o gás de pirólise. A solução proposta apresentou potencial para ser aplicada em municípios que enfrentam o gerenciamento adequado dos RSS como um desafio a ser transposto.

This work shows the technical and environmental evaluation of a pilot plant for treatment of health waste by pyrolysis, regarding its productivity, fuel consumption, weight loss in the process, atmospheric emissions, wastewater and the charcoal obtained. The process resulted in values of weight loss between 46,75 and 58,77%, for processing time ranged between 2 and 6 hours. The greatest environmental safety was obtained in the third tested operation condition, concerning atmospheric emissions of pollutants, as the concentration of dioxins and furans value obtained was 0,0162ng/Nm3. Two combustors were used in the operation, pyrolysis gas was injected in the biomass feed pipe, and the air flow volume was increased by 15% in the combustion zone of the wood chips, mixed with the pyrolysis gas. The proposed solution has shown great potential to be used in municipalities dealing with proper management of health waste as a challenge to be overcome.

Anaerobic bacterial degradation of kitchen waste - a review.

Kitchen (food waste) was collected from hostels of Cancer Hospital & Research Institute (CHRI), Gwalior’s Mess as feedstock for bio-reactor which works as anaerobic digester system to produce biogas energy. Production of biogas ,used as energy source, will be more cost effective, eco-friendly, cut down on landfill waste, generate a high-quality renewable fuel, and reduce CH4 and CO2 emissions, and also bio-fertilizer which contains beneficial bacterial community. This bacterial community plays a major role in the regulation of soil properties on the basis of their biological activity. The absence of oxygen leads to controlled conversion of complex organic pollutions, mainly CH4 and CO2. Anaerobic treatment has favourable effects like removal of higher organic concentration, low sludge production, high pathogen removal, high biogas gas production and low energy consumption. The continuously fed digester requires addition of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) to maintain the alkalinity and pH at 7.0. For this purpose, we have prepared an excellent bacterial community which is applied into mixture of cow dung slurry along with the kitchen waste in bioreactor for CH4 production in large quantity. A combination of these, an excellent bacterial community, was used for biogas production at 37°C in small scale laboratory reactor of 10L capacity.

Properties of catechol 1, 2 dioxygenase in the cell free extract and immobilized extract of Mycobacterium fortuitum

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) are carcinogenic compounds which contaminate water and soil, and the enzymes can be used for bioremediation of these environments. This study aimed to evaluate some environmental conditions that affect the production and activity of the catechol 1,2-dioxygenase (C12O) by Mycobacterium fortuitum in the cell free and immobilized extract in sodium alginate. The bacterium was grown in mineral medium and LB broth containing 250 mg L-1 of anthracene (PAH). The optimum conditions of pH (4.0-9.0), temperature (5-70 ºC), reaction time (10-90 min) and the effect of ions in the enzyme activity were determined. The Mycobacterium cultivated in LB shown higher growth and the C12O activity was two-fold higher to that in the mineral medium. To both extracts the highest enzyme activity was at pH 8.0, however, the immobilized extract promoted the increase in the C12O activity in a pH range between 4.0 and 8.5. The immobilized extract increased the enzymatic activity time and showed the highest C12O activity at 45 ºC, 20 ºC higher than the greatest temperature in the cell free extract. The enzyme activity in both extracts was stimulated by Fe3+, Hg2+ and Mn2+ and inhibited by NH4+ and Cu2+, but the immobilization protected the enzyme against the deleterious effects of K+ and Mg2+ in tested concentrations. The catechol 1,2-dioxygenase of Mycobacterium fortuitum in the immobilized extract has greater stability to the variations of pH, temperature and reaction time, and show higher activity in presence of ions, comparing to the cell free extract

Optimization studies on production of a salt-tolerant protease from Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain BC1 and its application on tannery saline wastewater treatment

Treatment and safe disposal of tannery saline wastewater, a primary effluent stream that is generated by soaking salt-laden hides and skin is one of the major problems faced by the leather manufacturing industries. Conventional treatment methods like solar evaporation ponds and land composting are not eco-friendly as they deteriorate the ground water quality. Though, this waste stream is comprised of high concentration of dissolved proteins the presence of high salinity (1-6 percent NaCl by wt) makes it non-biodegradable. Enzymatic treatment is one of the positive alternatives for management of such kind of waste streams. A novel salt-tolerant alkaline protease obtained from P.aeruginosa (isolated from tannery saline wastewater) was used for enzymatic degradation studies. The effect of various physical factors including pH, temperature, incubation time, protein source and salinity on the activity of identified protease were investigated. Kinetic parameters (Km , Vmax) were calculated for the identified alkaline protease at varying substrate concentrations. Tannery saline wastewater treated with identified salt tolerant protease showed 75 percent protein removal at 6 h duration and 2 percent (v/v) protease addition was found to be the optimum dosage value.